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IDA 9.0
IDA 9.0
  • Welcome to Hex-Rays docs
    • What's new?
  • Getting Started
    • Install IDA
    • Licensing
    • Basic Usage
    • What's next?
  • User Guide
    • User Interface
      • Menu Bar
        • File
          • Load file
          • Script File
          • Script command
          • Produce output files
          • Invoke OS Shell
          • Take database snapshot
          • Save database
          • Save database as...
          • Abort IDA
          • Exit IDA
        • Edit
          • Export data
          • Undo an action
          • Redo an action
          • Clear undo history
          • Disable undo
          • Convert to instruction
          • Convert to data
          • Convert to string literal
          • Convert to array
          • Undefine a byte
          • Give Name to the Location
          • Operand types
            • Offset
            • Number
            • Perform en masse operation
            • Convert operand to character
            • Convert operand to segment
            • Complex Offset Expression
            • Convert operand to symbolic constant (enum)
            • Convert operand to stack variable
            • Change operand sign
            • Bitwise negate operand
            • User-defined operand
            • Set operand type
          • Comments
          • Functions
          • Structs
          • Segments
          • Patch core
          • Other
            • Rename Any Address
          • Plugins
        • Jump
          • Center current line in window
          • Problems List
        • Search
          • REGULAR EXPRESSION SYNTAX SUMMARY
        • View
          • Open subviews
          • Graphs
          • Message Window
          • Arrows window
          • Database snapshot manager
          • Highlighting identifiers
          • Browser options
          • Lumina options
          • Assembler level and C level types
          • C++ type details
          • Bookmarks window
          • Calculator
          • View segment registers
          • View Internal Flags
          • Hide
          • Unhide
          • Del hidden range
          • Hide all items
          • Unhide all items
          • Setup hidden items
        • Debugger
          • Debugger window
          • Process Control
            • Start process
            • Process options
            • Pause process
            • Terminate process
            • Step into
            • Step over
            • Run to cursor
            • Run until return
            • Attach to process
            • Detach from process
            • Set current ip
            • Show application screen
          • Breakpoints
          • Watches
          • Tracing
          • Source code view
            • Watch view (source level)
          • Process Memory
            • Take memory snapshot
            • Manual memory regions
            • Refresh memory
          • Thread list
          • Module list
          • Stack trace
          • Exceptions
          • Debugger options
          • Switch debugger
        • Lumina
        • Options
          • Low & High Suspicious Operand Limits
        • Windows
          • Rename a stack variable
          • Miscellanous Options
          • Environment variables
          • Reset Hidden Messages
          • Various dialog help messages
        • List of all menu options
      • Desktops
      • Command line
      • How To Use List Viewers in IDA
      • Licenses
        • Apache License for Ghidra
        • Apache License for LLVM
        • Common Public License Version 1.0
        • APPLE PUBLIC SOURCE LICENSE
        • PCRE2 LICENCE
        • GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 for libiberty
      • Database conversion from idb to i64
    • Disassembler
      • Interactivity
      • Background Analysis
      • Graph view
        • Graphing tutorial
      • Proximity view
      • Navigation
        • Anchor
        • How to Enter a Segment Value
        • How to Enter a Number
        • How to Enter an Identifier
        • How to enter text
        • How to Enter an Address
      • Disassembly Gallery
        • Philips 51XA-G3
        • 6502 and 65C02 Disassembler
        • 6301, 6303, 6800, 6801 and 6803 Disassembler
        • 68040, Amiga
        • 6805 Disassembler
        • 6808 Disassembler
        • 6809 OS9 Flex Disassembler
        • 6809 Disassembler
        • 6811 Disassembler
        • 68HC12 Disassembler
        • 68HC16 Disassembler
        • 68k Amiga Disassembler
        • 68k Mac OS
        • 68k Palm Pilot
        • Unix COFF
        • NEC 78k0 and 78k0s Processor
        • 80196 Processor
        • 8051 Disassembler
        • Analog Devices 218x.
        • Alpha Processor – NT COFF
        • Alpha Processor – Unix ELF
        • Android ARM Executables (.elf)
        • ARC Processor
        • ARM Processor EPOC App
        • ARM Processor EPOC PE File
        • ARM Processor EPOC ROMFile
        • EPOC SIS File Handler
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Unlock
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Objective-C metadata
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Objective-C Instance variables
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Parameter Identification & Tracking (PIT)
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Start
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Switch statements
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): C++ signatures
        • ARM Processor iOS (iPhone): Write
        • ARM Processor: Linux ELF
        • ARM Processor: AOF SDK
        • ARM Processor: Windows CE COFF Format
        • ARM Processor: Windows CE PE Format
        • ATMEL AVR Disassembler
        • C166 Processor
        • C166 Processor with ELF file
        • Rockwell C39
        • Microsoft .NET CLI Disassembler. VisualBasic library
        • CR16
        • Android Dalvik Executables (.dex)
        • Microsoft .NET CLI Disassembler
        • DSP56K
        • Fujitsu FR (.elf)
        • Gameboy
        • H8 300: COFF FILE Format
        • H8 300s: COFF FILE Format
        • H8 500
        • HPPA Risc Processor: HP-UX SOM
        • i51
        • i860
        • Intel i960
        • Intel IA-64 (Itanium)
        • Java Bytecode
        • Angstrem KR 1878
        • Renesas/Hitachi M16C
        • Renesas/Hitachi M32R
        • M740
        • M7700
        • M7900
        • MIPS Processor: Nintendo N64
        • MIPS R5900 Processor : Sony bin
        • MIPS Processor: Sony ELF
        • MIPS Processor: Sony PSX
        • MIPS Processor: Sony PSX
        • MIPS Processor: Unix COFF File Format
        • MIPS Processor: Unix ELF File Format
        • MIPS Processor: Windows CE PE File Format
        • MIPS Processor: Windows CE PE2 File Format
        • Panasonic MN102
        • Atmel OAK DSP
        • 80×86 Architecture: DOS Extender
        • 80×86 Architecture: Watcom Runtime
        • 80×86 Architecture: Geos APP
        • 80×86 Architecture: Geos DRV
        • 80×86 Architecture: Geos LIB
        • 80×86 Architecture: GNU COFF Format
        • 80×86 Architecture: OS/2 Linear Executable Format
        • 80×86 Architecture: Netware NLM
        • 80×86 Architecture: QNX Executable
        • 80×86 Architecture: Watcom Runtime
        • 80×86 Architecture: Windows OMF
        • 80×86 Architecture: Windows Portable Executable Format
        • 80×86 Architecture: Windows Virtual Device Driver
        • 80×86 Architecture: Windows 16 bits DLL
        • X-Box Disassembler
        • PDP 11: SAV File
        • PIC
        • PIC 12xx
        • Power PC AIF ECOFF file Format
        • Power PC Linux ELF
        • Mac OS PEF File
        • Mac OS X File
        • Windows NT PE File
        • Hitachi SH-1 Processor
        • Hitachi SH-3 Processor: Windows CE COFF format
        • Hitachi SH-3 Processor: Windows CE PE format
        • Hitachi SH-4 Processor: ELF File Format
        • Hitachi SH-4 Processor: Windows CE PE File Format
        • Super Nintendo Entertainement System (SNES)
        • SPARC Solaris COFF
        • SPARC Solaris ELF
        • SPARC Sun ELF
        • SPARC Sun ELF SO
        • ST 20C4
        • ST 7
        • ST 9
        • Toshiba TLCS 900
        • TMS 320c2 COFF
        • TMS 320c5
        • TMS 320c54
        • TMS 320c6 COFF File Format
        • TRICORE
        • SunPlus unSP
        • NEC V850
        • Z180 COFF File Format
        • Z380 COFF File Format
        • Z8
        • Z80
      • Supported processors
      • Supported file formats
        • Windmp file loader
      • Bitfields
        • Bit Fields tutorial
      • Structures tutorial
      • Union tutorial
      • Variable length structures tutorial
      • Data types, operands and constructs
      • Packed executables
    • Decompiler
      • Prerequisites
      • Quick primer
      • Exception handler
      • Introduction to Decompilation vs. Disassembly
        • Comparisons of ARM disassembly and decompilation
        • Comparisons of PowerPC disassembly and decompilation
        • Comparisons of MIPS disassembly and decompilation
        • Hex-Rays v7.4 vs. v7.3 Decompiler Comparison Page
        • Hex-Rays v7.3 vs. v7.2 Decompiler Comparison Page
        • Hex-Rays v7.2 vs. v7.1 Decompiler Comparison Page
      • Interactive operation
        • Rename
        • Set type
        • Set number representation
        • Edit indented comment
        • Edit block comment
        • Hide/unhide C statements
        • Split/unsplit expression
        • Force call type
        • Set call type
        • Add/del variadic arguments
        • Del function argument
        • Add/delete function return type
        • Jump to cross reference
        • Jump to cross reference globally
        • Generate HTML file
        • Mark/unmark as decompiled
        • Copy to assembly
        • Show/hide casts
        • Reset pointer type
        • Convert to struct *
        • Create new struct type
        • Split variable
        • Select union field
        • Jump to paired paren
        • Collapse/uncollapse item
        • Map to another variable
      • Batch operation
      • Configuration
      • Third party plugins
      • Floating point support
      • Support for intrinsic functions
      • Overlapped variables
      • gooMBA
      • Failures and troubleshooting
      • FAQ
      • Limitations
      • Tips and tricks
    • Debugger
      • Instant debugger
      • Remote debugging
        • Remote iOS Debugger
        • Android debugger
        • Dalvik debugger
        • Remote GDB Debugger
          • Remote GDB Debugger options
          • Debugging with gdbserver
          • Debugging with VMWare
          • Debugging with OpenOCD
          • Debugging with QEMU
          • External programs and GDB Debugger
          • Debugging code snippets with QEMU
        • PIN debugger
          • Building the PIN tool
          • Connecting a remote PIN tool instance from IDA
          • PIN support for MacOSX
        • Replayer debugger
        • Bochs debugger
          • Bochs Disk Image operation mode
          • Bochs IDB operation mode
          • Bochs PE operation mode
          • Bochs debugger FAQ
      • Local debugging
        • WinDbg Debugger
        • Linux debugger
        • Intel/ARM macOS debugger
      • Debugger tutorials
        • Debugging Dalvik Programs
        • IDA Win32 Local Debugging
        • IDA Linux Local Debugging
        • IDA Linux to Win64 Debugging
        • IDA Win32 to Linux Debugging
        • Debugging Mac OSX Applications with IDA Pro
        • Debugging iOS Applications using CoreDevice (iOS 17 and up)
        • Debugging iOS Applications with IDA Pro
        • Debugging Linux Applications locally
        • Debugging Linux/Windows Applications with PIN Tracer module
        • Debugging Windows Applications with IDA Bochs Plugin
        • Debugging Windows Applications with IDA WinDbg Plugin
        • Using the Bochs debugger plugin in Linux
        • Debugging Windows Kernel with VMWare and IDA WinDbg Plugin
        • Debugging Linux Kernel under VMWare using IDA GDB debugger
        • Windows Debugger Hub
        • Linux Debugger
        • Debugging a Windows executable locally and remotely
        • Debugging the XNU Kernel with IDA Pro
        • Remote debugging with IDA Pro
        • IDA Scriptable Debugger: overview
          • IDA Scriptable Debugger: scriptability
        • Debugging code snippets with QEMU debugger (a la IDA Bochs debugger)
        • Trace Replayer and managing traces
        • Using IDA Pro's tracing features
        • Working with PIN
        • Appcall
    • Creating Signatures
      • FLIRT
        • IDA F.L.I.R.T. Technology: In-Depth
        • Generate FLIRT signature file
        • Supported Compilers
          • Turbo Pascal
          • Delphi
      • Makesig
    • Creating Type Libraries
      • IDAClang
      • TILIB
    • Configuration
      • Configuration files
      • Command line switches
      • Keyboard macros
      • UI/Fonts/Themes
      • Shortcuts
      • Customizing IDA
      • CSS-based styling
    • Teams
      • IDA Teams Licenses
      • Diffing and Merging Databases with IDA Teams
      • Teams lc command reference manual
      • hv command reference manual
      • Hex-Rays Vault’s visual client user manual
    • Lumina
      • lc command reference manual
    • Plugins
      • Open Plugin Architecture
      • Plugin options
      • Plugins Shipped with IDA
        • Swift plugin
        • Golang plugin
        • Rust plugin
        • picture_search
        • Objective-C Analysis Plugin
        • DYLD Shared Cache Utils
        • Borland RTTI descriptors plugin
        • DWARF plugin
        • Patfind plugin
        • IDA Feeds
          • FLIRT Signature Bundle
      • Plugin Contest
      • How to write your own plugin?
    • Helper Tools
    • idalib
  • Developer Guide
    • C++ SDK
      • Getting Started with C++ SDK
      • C++ SDK Reference
      • Using the Decompiler SDK: Decompiler plugin
      • C++ SDK examples
      • How to create a plugin in C++?
      • C++ SDK Porting Guide from IDA 8.x to 9.0
    • IDAPython
      • Getting started with IDAPython
      • IDAPython API Reference
      • IDAPython examples
      • How to create a plugin in IDAPython?
      • IDAPython Porting Guide from IDA 8.x to 9.0
    • IDC
      • Core concepts
        • Expressions
        • Statements
        • Functions
        • Variables
        • Constants
        • Exceptions
        • Classes
        • Predefined symbols
        • loader_input_t class
        • Slices
      • IDC API Reference
        • Index of debugger related IDC functions
        • Alphabetical list of IDC functions
          • is_member_id
          • load_type
          • get_member_by_idx
          • get_ordinal_limit
          • set_selector
          • enable_tracing
          • get_prev_fixup_ea
          • del_segm
          • get_bmask_cmt
          • end_type_updating
          • Find
          • toggle_bnot
          • patch_byte
          • get_module_info
          • set_member_name
          • create_float
          • del_struc_member
          • read_dbg_memory
          • get_enum_width
          • getn_thread_name
          • del_struc
          • filelength
          • set_manual_insn
          • is_value...() functions
          • get_ip_val
          • del_extra_cmt
          • create_insn
          • op_offset_high16
          • get_cmt
          • expand_struc
          • get_idb_path
          • set_frame_size
          • get_file_ext
          • has_value
          • readshort
          • sanitize_file_name
          • get_member_flag
          • create_struct
          • ARM specific
          • set_enum_member_cmt
          • rename
          • set_ida_state
          • get_member_size
          • msg
          • qbasename
          • get_enum_member_enum
          • auto_mark_range
          • plan_to_apply_idasgn
          • set_named_type
          • op_offset
          • rename_entry
          • strlen
          • get_extra_cmt
          • get_enum_flag
          • fgetc
          • op_stkvar
          • get_last_index
          • get_field_ea
          • get_struc_id
          • select_thread
          • create_array
          • get_struc_cmt
          • set_array_string
          • set_func_attr
          • set_storage_type
          • get_struc_size
          • demangle_name
          • get_next_fixup_ea
          • get_next_bmask
          • delattr
          • gen_simple_call_chart
          • patch_qword
          • get_enum_name
          • loader_input_t.getc
          • get_debugger_event_cond
          • read_dbg_qword
          • define_local_var
          • generate_disasm_line
          • add_idc_hotkey
          • tolower
          • del_selector
          • set_debugger_event_cond
          • get_imagebase
          • gen_file
          • get_entry
          • find_custom_data_format
          • get_debug_name_ea
          • add_default_til
          • set_func_end
          • exit_process
          • delete_array
          • xtol
          • get_exception_code
          • detach_process
          • set_enum_cmt
          • get_wide_word
          • put_bookmark
          • is_loaded
          • add_enum_member
          • parse_decls
          • readstr
          • get_entry_qty
          • ord
          • sprintf
          • get_root_filename
          • get_enum_member_cmt
          • create_word
          • set_func_flags
          • loader_input_t.tell
          • create_align
          • read_dbg_dword
          • next_addr
          • get_bytes
          • batch
          • start_process
          • process_config_line
          • del_user_info
          • qmakefile
          • set_struc_name
          • print_decls
          • create_custom_data
          • del_enum_member
          • format_cdata
          • get_fixup_target_sel
          • get_item_size
          • loader_input_t.gets
          • get_last_bmask
          • Step Tracing Options
          • selector_by_name
          • get_enum_cmt
          • next_not_tail
          • prev_head
          • set_color
          • set_numbered_type
          • get_member_name
          • auto_wait
          • get_enum_member_bmask
          • fseek
          • get_segm_start
          • attach_process
          • Trace file functions
          • get_enum_member_value
          • op_stroff
          • get_next_offset
          • set_processor_type
          • get_bookmark_desc
          • create_data
          • lastattr
          • get_operand_value
          • collect_stack_trace
          • toupper
          • get_fixup_target_dis
          • set_cmt
          • add_entry
          • set_segm_addressing
          • qmake_full_path
          • get_source_linnum
          • fputc
          • resume_thread
          • get_func_attr
          • get_first_enum_member
          • add_sourcefile
          • get_first_bmask
          • read_selection_start
          • hasattr
          • get_member_cmt
          • gen_flow_graph
          • get_array_element
          • get_tinfo
          • loader_input_t
          • tinfo_errstr
          • TRUNC
          • add_segm_ex
          • Local types information and manipulation helpers
          • set_source_linnum
          • get_next_enum_member
          • loader_input_t.readbytes
          • set_array_params
          • jumpto
          • get_bookmark
          • set_enum_bf
          • prev_not_tail
          • toggle_sign
          • loader_input_t.size
          • Trace events functions
          • get_func_flags
          • get_gotea
          • set_segm_attr
          • get_item_head
          • set_default_sreg_value
          • print_insn_mnem
          • set_member_cmt
          • get_ordinal_qty
          • set_target_assembler
          • add_user_stkpnt
          • set_local_type
          • Hidden ranges
          • del_items
          • compile_idc_text
          • Dalvik debugger extension functions
          • byte_value
          • create_dword
          • is_code
          • del_func
          • get_enum
          • make_array
          • rotate_left
          • recalc_spd
          • search_path
          • CommonBits
          • get_processor_name
          • set_func_cmt
          • get_prev_bmask
          • Hashes
          • split_sreg_range
          • process_ui_action
          • set_fixup
          • get_fixup_target_type
          • create_oword
          • get_flags
          • get_func_name
          • create_strlit
          • add_struc
          • atol
          • load_debugger
          • mkdir
          • sizeof
          • get_enum_member_by_name
          • save_database
          • guess_type
          • get_segm_name
          • print_operand
          • qisabspath
          • get_member_qty
          • set_struc_cmt
          • get_fixup_target_flags
          • idadir
          • object.retrieve
          • add_auto_stkpnt
          • get_numbered_type_name
          • get_enum_member_name
          • get_next_index
          • prev_addr
          • get_name_ea
          • get_sp_delta
          • set_bmask_cmt
          • readlong
          • set_segm_name
          • get_prev_offset
          • set_segm_alignment
          • get_strlit_contents
          • forget_exception
          • get_item_end
          • add_func
          • get_name
          • Asks
          • get_spd
          • Debugger: control
          • get_wide_byte
          • plan_and_wait
          • set_enum_flag
          • RunPythonStatement
          • del_sourcefile
          • find_selector
          • get_frame_regs_size
          • op_num
          • define_exception
          • create_double
          • create_byte
          • read_selection_end
          • OpTypes
          • op_plain_offset
          • move_segm
          • get_member_id
          • set_segm_combination
          • get_current_thread
          • trim
          • Debugger: options
          • getn_thread
          • get_frame_id
          • typeinfo.print
          • to_ea
          • rebase_program
          • add_struc_member
          • get_exception_qty
          • get_first_index
          • import_type
          • set_segm_type
          • find_custom_data_type
          • get_next_seg
          • find_func_end
          • get_last_enum_member
          • getattr
          • get_frame_size
          • get_screen_ea
          • loader_input_t.read
          • set_reg_value
          • Debugger: modules
          • create_pack_real
          • writestr
          • exec_idc
          • get_enum_size
          • set_enum_name
          • create_tbyte
          • sel2para
          • atoa
          • loader_input_t.close
          • add_enum
          • ltoa
          • substr
          • del_idc_hotkey
          • Breakpoint handling functions
          • loader_input_t.seek
          • cleanup_appcall
          • object.store
          • get_type
          • qexit
          • get_debug_name
          • get_array_id
          • Can't Open File
          • suspend_process
          • process_config_directive
          • get_entry_name
          • get_last_member
          • get_struc_name
          • clear_selection
          • fclose
          • firstattr
          • create_yword
          • dbg_appcall
          • get_qword
          • patch_dword
          • begin_type_updating
          • read_dbg_byte
          • get_fpnum
          • qsleep
          • get_first_member
          • get_nsec_stamp
          • del_stkpnt
          • eval
          • savefile
          • eval_python
          • Xrefs
          • strstr
          • writeshort
          • get_sreg
          • get_segm_end
          • get_func_off_str
          • set_func_start
          • del_array_element
          • get_full_flags
          • set_exception_flags
          • rename_array
          • get_frame_args_size
          • op_flt
          • get_min_spd_ea
          • apply_type
          • get_prev_index
          • loadfile
          • retrieve_input_file_md5
          • get_wide_dword
          • patch_dbg_byte
          • Functions provided by the WinDbg debugger
          • get_original_byte
          • get_member_strid
          • call_system
          • writelong
          • get_thread_qty
          • nextattr
          • send_dbg_command
          • get_first_seg
          • get_processes
          • patch_word
          • get_manual_insn
          • ftell
          • get_entry_ordinal
          • set_array_long
          • delete_all_segments
          • TO_LONG
          • Function chunk related functions
          • Debugger: events
          • get_prev_func
          • op_seg
          • validate_idb_names
          • fprintf
          • fopen
          • strfill
          • del_fixup
          • get_bmask_name
          • inf_attr
          • is_bf
          • read_dbg_word
          • qdirname
          • get_segm_attr
          • func_contains
          • del_source_linnum
          • get_sourcefile
          • clr_database_flag
          • set_name
          • Refresh Screen
          • op_enum
          • getn_enum
          • get_db_byte
          • setattr
          • get_forced_operand
          • op_bin
          • Functions provided by the replayer debugger
          • prevattr
          • update_extra_cmt
          • get_str_type
          • op_man
          • choose_func
          • set_bmask_name
          • get_curline
          • decode_insn
          • set_segment_bounds
          • set_segm_class
          • write_dbg_memory
          • get_exception_name
          • get_enum_member
          • is_mapped
          • del_enum
          • get_frame_lvar_size
          • get_operand_type
          • set_root_filename
          • compile_idc_file
          • typeinfo.size
          • get_local_tinfo
          • get_fixup_target_off
          • is_union
          • unlink
          • get_segm_by_sel
          • set_enum_width
          • take_memory_snapshot
          • exec_python
          • get_next_func
          • get_member_offset
          • get_func_cmt
          • parse_decl
          • create_qword
          • next_head
          • suspend_thread
          • loader_input_t.getz
          • get_color
          • get_reg_value
          • load_and_run_plugin
          • set_database_flag
          • set_enum_member_name
          • set_member_type
          • get_prev_enum_member
      • IDC examples
        • Analyzing encrypted code
  • Admin Guide
    • Lumina server
    • Teams server
    • License server
      • Hex-Rays License Server Migration Guide
  • Release Notes
    • IDA 9.0
    • IDA 8.4sp2
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On this page
  • Hex-Rays v1.3 vs. v1.2 Decompiler Comparison Page
  • Better 64-bit arithmetics
  • Better 64-bit arithmetics - 2
  • 64-bit comparisons
  • Nested pointer, array, and structure references
  • Assignments and comma operators
  • Global propagation of calculated values
  • Calculated values - 2
  • Improved register argument detection
  • Simpler arithmeric operations
  • References to arrays of structures
  • Improved optimizer
  • Improved optimizer - 2
  • Fast structural analysis
  • Floating point constants
  • More precise variable creation
  • Postincrement/decrement with comparisons
  • Constant strings
  • Shorter output

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  1. Archive

Hex-Rays v1.3 vs. v1.2 Decompiler Comparison Page

Last updated 6 months ago

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Hex-Rays v1.3 vs. v1.2 Decompiler Comparison Page

Below you will find side-by-side comparisons of v1.2 and v1.3 decompilations. Please maximize the window too see both columns simultaneously.

The following examples are displayed on this page:


Better 64-bit arithmetics

    v3 = v27;
    v27 = 0xB23199F3u;
    v25 = v28 + (unsigned int)v3;
    if ( !v25 )
    v3 = (_DWORD)v28 >= (unsigned int)-v27;
    v4 = v28 + v27;
    v27 = 0xB23199F3u;
    LODWORD(v25) = v4;
    HIDWORD(v25) = HIDWORD(v28) + v3;
    if ( !((HIDWORD(v28) + v3) | v4) )

Better 64-bit arithmetics - 2

An unrecognized 64-bit addition may lead to other complications. On the left, we have v9 and v10 32-bit variables, on the right there is one simple 64-bit v10 variable. Note the difference.

    if ( ReadPtr(v10, HIDWORD(v10), &v39) )
      ExtensionApis.lpOutputRoutine(
        "Cannot read DebugInfo adddress at 0x%p.\n",
        v10);
    v9 = a2 + v29;
    v8 = (int)&v5[(_DWORD)a2 >= (unsigned int)-v29];
    if ( ReadPtr(a2 + v29, &v5[(_DWORD)a2 >= (unsigned int)-v29], &v39) )
      ExtensionApis.lpOutputRoutine(
        "Cannot read DebugInfo adddress at 0x%p.\n",
        v9,
        v8);

64-bit comparisons

We added more rules to recognize 64-bit comparisons. The results are pleasing.

  if ( xll == yll )
    result = 1;
  else
    result = 2;
  if ( (_DWORD)xll != (_DWORD)yll || HIDWORD(xll) != HIDWORD(yll) )
    result = 2;
  else
    result = 1;

Nested pointer, array, and structure references

Complex references like pointers to arrays to pointers to (the list may go on) were not always recognized and represented nicely. Only one level of indirection was handled nicely, deeper references might look ugly. Now the decompiler does a much better job. (the type of a3g is char (**a3g)[5], so the expression on the left is correct too)

char __cdecl fa3g(int i, int j, int k)
{
  return a3g[i][j][k];
}
char __cdecl fa3g(int i, int j, int k)
{
  return *(&(*a3g[i])[5 * j] + k);
}

Assignments and comma operators

Nobody likes comma operators but the decompiler has to revert to them to get rid of gotos. In some cases they can still be eliminated and that's what the new version does.

    if ( !ptr || (v3 = *ptr) == 0 )
      do_something...;
    if ( !ptr || (v3 = *ptr, !*ptr) )
      do_something...;

Global propagation of calculated values

Note that the decompiler replaced the result variable with its known value, zero. Knowing a variable value enables many other optimizations and can simplify the output very much. It also removes false dependencies: for example, the previous version had to introduce a cast to LPCSTR.

  if ( !result )
  {
    if ( !v5 )
      return 0;
    v4 = SysAllocStringByteLen(0, v5 - 2);
  if ( !result )
  {
    if ( !v5 )
      return result;
    v4 = SysAllocStringByteLen((LPCSTR)result, v5 - 2);

Calculated values - 2

Since we know that value of v1 in the if-branch, we can replace it with zero, which leads to simplifications. The output is much cleaner.

    if ( !RegEnumValueW(hKey, 0, &ValueName, &cbValueName, 0, 0, 0, 0) && ValueName )
      return 1;
    v1 = RegEnumValueW(hKey, 0, &ValueName, &cbValueName, 0, 0, 0, 0);
    if ( !v1 && ValueName )
      return v1 + 1;

Improved register argument detection

The heurstics to detect register arguments has been improved. The output does not require any comments.

result = pStm->lpVtbl->Write(pStm, pvarSrc, 2u, 0);
  result = ((int (__thiscall *)(void *, IStream *, void *, signed int, _DWORD))pStm->lpVtbl->Write)(
             pvarSrc,
             pStm,
             pvarSrc,
             2,
             0);

Simpler arithmeric operations

bytevar = ai[arg0] + ai[arg0] + 2 * uai[arg0];
bytevar = ai[arg0] + LOBYTE(ai[arg0]) + 2 * LOBYTE(uai[arg0]);

References to arrays of structures

First, references to arrays of structures are much better. Second, the decompiler could determine that v20 is used only to access the array and divided it by the array element size (12).

do
{
  if ( v27 & GlobalFlagInfo[v20].flags )
  {
    v21 = GlobalFlagInfo[v20].cmd;
    if ( v21 )
      ExtensionApis.lpOutputRoutine("    %s - %s\n", v21,
        GlobalFlagInfo[v20].desc);
  }
  ++v20;
}
while ( v20 < 32 );
do
{
  if ( v29 & *(int *)((char *)&GlobalFlagInfo[0].flags + v20) )
  {
    v23 = *(int *)((char *)&GlobalFlagInfo[0].cmd + v20);
    if ( v23 )
      ExtensionApis.lpOutputRoutine("    %s - %s\n", v23,
        *(void **)((char *)&GlobalFlagInfo[0].desc + v20));
  }
  v20 += 12;
}
while ( v20 < 0x180 );

Improved optimizer

It is difficult to say what exactly improvement of the decompiler led to this result, but we like it anyway. The decompiler could get rid of intermediate variables and simplify the code to the maximum.

  while ( *v2 )
    *v5++ = *v2++;
  *v5 = 0;
  while ( 1 )
  {
    v7 = *v3;
    if ( !*v3 )
      break;
    *v6++ = v7;
    ++v3;
  }
  *v6 = v7;

Improved optimizer - 2

Yet another example of improved output. There are many other improved things, like inlined strcpy, strlen and other functions, we are just getting too many examples anyway...

return (char)(a1 % 661);
 return (char)(a1 - -107 * (unsigned __int16)(a1 / 661));

Fast structural analysis

  if ( dword_8066AEC && filename )
    sub_805F18C(16, (int)"using configuration file %s", (char)filename);
  if ( dword_8066AEC )
  {
    if ( filename )
      sub_805F18C(16, (int)"using configuration file %s", (char)filename);
  }

Floating point constants

Floating point constants are detected even if they are moved around using integer manipulation commands (a simple mov instruction).

  v63 = 1.0;
  v62 = 1.0;
  LODWORD(v63) = 1065353216;
  LODWORD(v62) = 1065353216;

More precise variable creation

The decompiler determined that even if v5 and v6 variables are initialized as 32-bit entities, only 16-bits are used. It declared them as 16-bit variables. This leads to better output.

int __cdecl sub_8049CA0(struct_a1 *a1, __int16 a2, __int16 a3, int a4)
{
  int v4; // esi@1
  __int16 v5; // ax@2
  __int16 v6; // ax@4

  v4 = a4;
  a1->dword0 = a2 | (a1->dword0 << a3);
  if ( a3 )
    v5 = a1->word4 + a3;
  else
    v5 = 0;
  a1->word4 = v5;
  if ( v5 >= 0 )
  {
    do
    {
      *(_BYTE *)v4++ = a1->dword0 >> a1->word4;
      v6 = a1->word4 - 8;
      a1->word4 = v6;
    }
    while ( v6 >= 0 );
  }
  return v4;
}
int __cdecl sub_8049CA0(struct_a1 *a1, __int16 a2, __int16 a3, int a4)
{
  int v4; // esi@1
  int v5; // eax@2
  int v6; // eax@4

  v4 = a4;
  a1->dword0 = a2 | (a1->dword0 << a3);
  if ( a3 )
    v5 = a1->word4 + a3;
  else
    LOWORD(v5) = 0;
  a1->word4 = v5;
  if ( (_WORD)v5 >= 0 )
  {
    do
    {
      *(_BYTE *)v4++ = a1->dword0 >> a1->word4;
      v6 = a1->word4 - 8;
      a1->word4 = v6;
    }
    while ( (_WORD)v6 >= 0 );
  }
  return v4;
}

Postincrement/decrement with comparisons

Postincrement/decrement operators with comparisons were leading to ugly output, now it is simpler and ready to be simplified even more.

          --a1;
          if ( !a1 )
            break;
            v5 = a1-- == 1;
            if ( v5 )
              break;

Constant strings

References into the middle of constact strings were not recognized, forcing the user to jump to the string to learn its value. Now the life is simpler.

 fwrite("OK\n", 1u, 3u, _stderrp);
 fwrite(&aPimGraft[15], 1u, 3u, _stderrp);

Shorter output

It seems that the fast structural analysis combined with the improved loop recognition made it possible to shorten the output. Whatever the reason is, we like the output on the right.

\

      while ( a1[v11] == 9 && v8 & 7 )
      {
        ++v8;
        sub_804A350(v10, *(_WORD *)(a2 + 49224), v20);
      }
      if ( a1[v11] == 9 )
      {
        if ( v9 & 7 )
        {
          do
          {
            ++v9;
            sub_804A350(v12, *(_WORD *)(a2 + 49224), v20);
          }
          while ( a1[v11] == 9 && v9 & 7 );
        }
      }

NOTE: these are just some selected examples that can be illustrated as a side-by-side difference. Hex-Rays Decompiler v1.3 includes are many other improvements and new features that are not mentioned on this page - simply because there was nothing to compare them with. Also, some improvements have already been illustrated in the previous comparisons. Please refer to the for more details.

It seems that 64-bit support is a never ending story. The version of the decompiler could not recognize the 64-bit addition because it was interleaved with other operations and the value of an operand changed midway. The new version can handle it, and the output is much simpler.

We tweaked the structural analysis: now it is faster (especially on big functions) and produces more concise output. Note that there is only one if operator now. Since not everyone likes dense code, this is .

Better 64-bit arithmetics
Better 64-bit arithmetics - 2
64-bit comparisons
Nested pointer, array, and structure references
Assignments and comma operators
Global propagation of calculated values
Calculated values - 2
Improved register argument detection
Simpler arithmeric operations
References to arrays of structures
Improved optimizer
Improved optimizer - 2
Fast structural analysis
Floating point constants
More precise variable creation
Postincrement/decrement with comparisons
Constant strings
Shorter output
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